The French de Sénarmont developed, in 1851, the first hydrothermal synthesis by carrying out his mineral synthesis in the presence of water in a tube of glass contained in an autoclave made up of a tube sealed out of steel.
Ebelmen and Sainte Claire Deville published in 1851, " Experiments on the formation of minerals by wet process in metalliferous sintered layers".
A. Daubrée (1848-1896) studied the synthesis of minerals and their equilibrium conditions.
Fouqué and Michel-Lévy published in 1882 "Synthesis of minerals and rocks" in which they describe their experiments of anhydrous synthesis of rocks and minerals. Their work demonstrated the " isochimical" transformation of the mineral assemblies.
Rosenbusch proposed in 1882 several empirical rules concerning the crystallisation order in igneous rocks.
Morozewicz performed in 1889 experiments about the formation of minerals in magmas.