The work of J. J. Berzélius (1779 - 1848) is at the origin of the rise of modern inorganic chemistry. He established in 1814 a mineralogical classification based on the electrochemical
theory and the stoechiometric composition. He published in 1821 " Of the use of the blowpipe in chemical analysis and mineralogical determinations ".
Cordier, a French chemist, realised in 1815 the first individual analysis of minerals extracted from a basalt.
René-Just Haüy published in 1817, his "Treatise on the physical characters of precious stones to be used for their determination when they are cut".
Mohs circa 1820 published his " mineral hardness scale".
Mitscherlich (1794 - 1863) (the Mitscherlich gomiometer) enriched the work of Berzelius, he is the author of an explanatory theory of isomorphism and polymorphism.
Brewster introduced circa 1820 the concept of pyroelectricity and demonstrated in 1823 that the breaking of a topaz crystal during its heating is due to the burst of fluid inclusions. He introduced circa 1830 the use of the quartz compensator during the observation with the polarising microscope.
Pearsall observed circa 1830 that electric spark induces luminescence in fluorite crystals.
Haidinger , circa 1840, published his work on pleochroic crystals.
Babinet introduced circa 1840 the use of Babinet's compensator for the birefringence measurement of minerals.
De Senarmont realised circa 1840 studies on conduction of heat in crystals.